Up until the onset of the 20th century, scientists believed that the universe existed as a sort of Giant Machine, in which objects moved in space according to the known laws of the universe. Everything was considered to be bound by the law of cause and effect. What that meant was that nothing could happen […]

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The quest to understand the true nature of the atom soon left scientists awash in a menagerie of particles that did little to enlighten them. In fact the results of these atom-smashing experiments became more and more difficult to understand, and even more difficult to explain. The dream of finding a simple model to explain the […]

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At the dawn of the 20th century, scientists believed that they stood at last on the threshold of uncovering the secrets of the atom. They were convinced that once they had discovered the fundamental constituents of the atom, they would be able to validate their conviction that the universe existed as an objective reality composed […]

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As we have seen, the classical view expressed by scientists at the end of the nineteenth century was that the universe was an objective reality that operated in accordance with fixed laws that could be expressed in mathematical terms. In short, the commonly accepted view of science was then, as it still is today, that the […]

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